Cubed: an introduction

Tom White, June 2024

Idea

Use Zarr as the underlying intermediate persistent storage between array operations.

Tasks operate on Zarr chunks.

Tasks are embarassingly parallel, and their runtime memory can be tightly controlled.

Demo

Cubed implements the Python Array API standard

import cubed.array_api as xp
a = xp.asarray([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]], chunks=(2, 2))

Notice that we specify chunks, just like in Dask Array.

b = xp.asarray([[1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1]], chunks=(2, 2))
c = xp.add(a, b)

Cubed uses lazy evaluation, so nothing has been computed yet.

c.compute()

array([[ 2,  3,  4],
       [ 5,  6,  7],
       [ 8,  9, 10]])

Primitives

• Blockwise: applies a function to multiple blocks from multiple inputs
• Rechunk: changes chunking, without changing shape/dtype

Dask introduced both of these operations.

Almost all array operations can be implemented using these two primitives!

Design

Cubed is composed of five layers: from the storage layer at the bottom, to the Array API layer at the top:

Core and Primitive Operations

Example: map_direct

Each block in the output array is read directly from one or more blocks from the inputs.

Can cross block boundaries.

Example: reduction

Implemented using multiple rounds of a tree reduce operation followed by a final aggregation.

Computation plan

Cubed creates a computation plan, which is a directed acyclic graph (DAG).

c = xp.add(a, b)
c.visualize()

Unlike a Dask graph which is at the task level, a Cubed graph is at the Zarr array level.

Optimization

Cubed will automatically optimize the graph before computing it. For example by fusing blockwise (map) operations:

Optimization: an advanced example

In early 2024 we implemented more optimizations to give a 4.8x performance improvement on the "Quadratic Means" climate workload running on Lithops with AWS Lambda, with a 1.5 TB workload completing in around 100 seconds

More details in Optimizing Cubed

Memory

Cubed models the memory used by every operation, and calculates the projected_mem for a task - an upper bound.

If projected memory is more than what user specifies is allowed then an exception is raised during planning

import cubed
spec = cubed.Spec(work_dir="tmp", allowed_mem=100)  # not enough memory!
a = xp.asarray([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]], chunks=(2, 2), spec=spec)
b = xp.asarray([[1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1]], chunks=(2, 2), spec=spec)
try:
    c = xp.add(a, b)
except ValueError as e:
    print(e)

Projected blockwise memory (192) exceeds allowed_mem (100), including reserved_mem (0)

Peak memory

Cubed measures the peak amount of memory actually used during runtime.

Used to checked utilization, and improve the modelling.

  array_name    op_name  num_tasks  peak_mem_delta_mb_max  projected_mem_mb  utilization
0  array-003    rechunk          1             103.727104         0.000064          NaN
1  array-004  blockwise          4             654.286848       800.000008     0.817859
2  array-007    rechunk          1             103.645184         0.000064          NaN
3  array-008  blockwise          4             654.364672       800.000008     0.817956
4  array-009  blockwise          4             796.954624      1200.000000     0.664129

Runtimes

• Lithops: multi-cloud serverless computing framework
  • Slightly more work to get started since you have to build a runtime environment first
  • Tested on AWS Lambda and Google Cloud Functions with ~1000 workers

• Modal: new serverless platform
  • Very easy to set up since it builds the runtime automatically
  • Tested with ~300 workers

• Apache Beam (Google Cloud Dataflow): fully managed pipeline processing service
  • Slow to spin up
  • Only tested with ~20 workers, but very mature so will scale out

Example timeline

Adding two 20GB arrays on Lithops (AWS Lambda)

Scalability and robustness

• Serverless scales out
  • AWS Lambda supports 1000 concurrent instances by default
  • PyWren paper: https://shivaram.org/publications/pywren-socc17.pdf
• Retries
  • Each task is tried three times before failing
• Stragglers
  • A backup task will be launched if a task is taking significantly longer than average

Xarray integration

• Xarray can use Cubed as its computation engine instead of Dask
  • Just install the cubed-xarray integration package
• Cubed can use Flox for groupby operations
  • Examples at https://flox.readthedocs.io/en/latest/user-stories/climatology-hourly-cubed.html

Try out Cubed!

• Try it out on your use case
  • Get started at https://cubed-dev.github.io/cubed/
• Some examples from the Pangeo community:
  • https://github.com/pangeo-data/distributed-array-examples